A Systems Thinking Approach to Student-supervisor Interactions and their Effect on Psychological Safety
pdf

Keywords

Psychological safety
Student learning labs
Solo projects
Causal loop diagrams
Feedback loop theory

How to Cite

Elliot, T., & Aaen, S. B. (2025). A Systems Thinking Approach to Student-supervisor Interactions and their Effect on Psychological Safety: A Case for Student Learning Labs. Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.54337/ojs.jpblhe.v13i1.9827

Abstract

The increasing trend of anxiety among students is closely linked to psychological safety, which refers to an environment where individuals feel comfortable expressing their thoughts without fear of negative consequences. Conversely, environments lacking psychological safety can heighten anxiety. This report examines the impact of transitioning from group work to solo projects on master-level students at Aalborg University. The shift to solo projects, with only a supervisor for support, may affect students’ psychological safety.

This study investigates the psychological safety of students during this transition, identifying factors that influence their sense of security and confidence when working independently. By understanding these factors, the study aims to provide insights for educators to better support students in solo projects and mitigate the entrenchment of group-work learning styles while retaining the benefits. Strategies to enhance psychological safety, such as forming learning labs, are explored to break the feedback loop leading to poor solo work experiences and reinforce positive learning outcomes.

https://doi.org/10.54337/ojs.jpblhe.v13i1.9827
pdf

References

Admiraal, W., Post, L., Kester, L., Louws, M., & Lockhorst, D. (2024). Learning labs in a secondary school in the Netherlands: Effects of teachers’ autonomy support on student learning motivation and achievement. Educational Studies, 50(5), 939–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2021.2023473

Asgari, M., Cardace, A. E., & Sarvary, M. A. (2024). Demographic isolation and attitudes toward group work in student-selected lab groups. PLOS ONE, 19(9), e0310918. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310918

Chi, T., Cheng, L., & Zhang, Z. (2023). Global prevalence and trend of anxiety among graduate students: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Brain and Behavior, 13(4), e2909. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2909

Clark, T. R. (2020). The 4 Stages of Psychological Safety: Defining the Path to Inclusion and Innovation. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Clausen, N. (2024). Self-Directed Learning in Problem-and Project-Based Learning: A Study of Self-Direction in the Aalborg PBL Model. https://doi.org/10.54337/aau679676715

Clausen, N. R., Abouarabi, Y. B., Chen, J., Hansen, S., Velmurugan, G., Fink, T., Lyngdorf, N. E., Guerra, A., & Du, X. (2025). First-Year University Students’ Perspectives on Their Psychological Safety in PBL Teams. Education Sciences, 15(2), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020236

Cornu, R. L., & Peters, J. (2005). Towards constructivist classrooms: The role of the reflective teacher. The Journal of Educational Enquiry, 6(1), 50-64.

Du, X., Smith, L., Naji, K. K., Sohoni, S., & Guerra, A. (2025). Academic Leadership for All: A Systems Thinking Approach to Pedagogical Development and Professional Learning for Engineering Educators. In R. Kandakatla, S. Kulkarni, & M. E. Auer (Eds.), Academic Leadership in Engineering Education: Learnings and Case Studies from Educational Leaders Around the Globe (pp. 299–316). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-68282-7_16

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999

Edmondson, A. C., & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological Safety: The History, Renaissance, and Future of an Interpersonal Construct. In Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior (Vol. 1, Issue Volume 1, 2014, pp. 23–43). Annual Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091305

Gonda, D., Tirpáková, A., Pavlovičová, G., & Ďuriš, V. (2024). The role of a team psychological safety feeling in teamwork in the classroom. Heliyon, 10(18), e37618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37618

Guerra, A., Nørgaard, B., & Du, X. (2023). University Educators’ Professional Learning in a PBL Pedagogical Development Programme. Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education, 11(1), 36–59. https://doi.org/10.54337/ojs.jpblhe.v11i1.7375

Han, S., Liu, D., & Lv, Y. (2022). The Influence of Psychological Safety on Students’ Creativity in Project-Based Learning: The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 865123. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.865123

Harris, S., Massey, S., Cordner, C., & Scott Jones, J. (2024, June 18). Less Anxious, More Confident: The Use of Playful Pedagogy to support student learning of quantitative methods. 10th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd’24). Tenth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd24.2024.17293

Jiang, D., Dahl, B., Chen, J., & Du, X. (2023). Engineering Students’ Perception of Learner Agency Development in an Intercultural PBL (Problem- and Project-Based) Team Setting. IEEE Transactions on Education, 66(6), 591–601. https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2023.3273177

Madison, D. S. (2011). Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics, and Performance. SAGE Publications.

Maximo, N., Stander, M. W., & Coxen, L. (2019). Authentic leadership and work engagement: The indirect effects of psychological safety and trust in supervisors. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v45i0.1612

Meadows, D. H., & Wright, D. (2008). Thinking in Systems: A Primer. Chelsea Green Publishing.

Nordahl, R., & Kofoed, L. B. (2007). Learning Lab—Teaching experienced engineering students PBL. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Australian Association for Engineering Education. Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Melbourne.

O’Connor, A., & McCurtin, A. (2021). A feedback journey: Employing a constructivist approach to the development of feedback literacy among health professional learners. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 486. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02914-2

Sanchez, E., Paukovics, E., Cheniti-Belcadhi, L., El Khayat, G., Said, B., & Korbaa, O. (2022). What do you mean by learning lab? Education and Information Technologies, 27(4), 4501–4520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10783-x

Tan, G. X. D., Soh, X. C., Hartanto, A., Goh, A. Y. H., & Majeed, N. M. (2023). Prevalence of anxiety in college and university students: An umbrella review. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 14, 100658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100658

Yaman, S. (2020). Constructivist Learning Conversations in Writing Centers: Feedback and Reflection as Integrated Tools. Conference Proceedings. The Future of Education 2020.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2025 Thomas Elliot, Sara Bjørn Aaen